Ψlogical
Testing…

Chapter 17
…in Health Psychology

🧹🗑 House Keeping 🗑🧹

Lectures:

• presentation groups start 4/24
• rubric available here

Exams:

• see me if you’d like strategy help

Project:

• try to access data in lab tonight & start building paper

🔭🌠ASTEROID YR4 PANIC METER!!!🌌💥

Exam #2 Item Functioning

Mean = 64.67, sd = 10.01 download here

Health Ψ & Health Care

Clinical Neuropsychology…

…scientific discipline that studies the relationship between behavior and brain functioning in the realms of cognitive, motor, sensory, and emotional functioning

• considered multisciplinary (biology, psychology, neurology)
• attempts to relate brain dysfunction & damage to behavioral functioning

Note

Clinical neuropsychology focused on dysfunction whereas broader field of neuropsychology also concerned with normal functioning

Pioneers of Clinical Neuropsych

• Pierre Broca
  • conducted post–mortem analyses of aphasic patients’ brains
  • located left–hemisphere morphology associated with language production

• Carl Wernicke (Wernicke, 1874)
  • language comprehension abilities localized in left hemisphere of brain
  • perhaps also speech production

We speak using the left hemisphere (Broca, 1865)

Brain dysfunction location detection (I) 🤕

• Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
  • several tests including the WAIS and MMPI
  • aims to identify location of dysfunction / lesion / injury (hemisphere)
  • total administration time = 8–12 hours

Brain dysfunction location detection (II) 🤕

Pluripotentiality: any one center in the brain can be involved in several different functional systems (Luria, 1970)

• Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
  • an attempt to standardize the diagnostic procedures of A. R. Luria
  • 14 scales with 269 total items
  • 24–hour administration estimate

California Verbal Learning Test (Delis et al., 1987)

Intended to determine how errors are made in learning tasks (e.g., what strategies, processes & errors are associated with different deficits)

• another battery with several memory–dependent tasks/tests
• mixture of recall and recognition tasks
  • occassionally accompanied by interference prompts

“Automated” Neuropsychological Testing

• Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM)
  • intended to collect baseline information on neurological performance in the unfortunate circumstance that there is an injury affecting attention, memory, or thinking ability

• military test battery that purports to only compare individual scores (after deployment) against their own scores prior to deployment

Anxiety & Stress!!

Definitions:

• Psychological stress – response to situations that involve demands, constraints, or opportunities¹
  • Frustration – goal attainment is blocked
  • Conflict – not all goals can be simultaneously met
  • Pressure – weight or importance of attaining goal

• Anxiety – an emotional state marked by worry, apprehension, & tension

1. be aware – other presentations would label the response itself, “strain”

State–Trait Anxiety Inventory 😨

• State Anxiety – emotional reaction that varies from one situation to another
  • 20 items
• Trait Anxiety – personality characteristic (e.g., element of Neuroticism)
  • 20 items

Let’s collect some more data:

Coping with stress 😰

• Ways of Coping Scale (Folkman & Lazarus, 1988)
  • what strategies are used?
  • commercial version owned by vendor
  • Revised (research) version k=66, response options 4–point Likert–type
  • 8 subscales on revised version

Ecological Momentary Assessment

Fits within a category of procedures broadly referred
to as Experience Sampling Methods (ESM)¹

• used when constructs are thought to exhibit dynamism
• thought to minimize memory bias and better assess intra-individual differences

• can take physiological measures (heart rate, blood pressure)
• also provide prompts for more traditional samplings (for example, how the respondent is feeling)

1. also sometimes referred to as the daily diary method

Depression 😔

• Patient Health Questionnaire
  • 9 different symptoms – typically self–administered in waiting room
• Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
  • 10 items/symptoms within the past 7 days
  • specific instructions for recent mothers

• Beck’s Depressive Inventory (Beck et al., 1961)
  • not listed in textbook, but traditionally favored by Psychologists
  • 21 items (self–administered and –scored)

Quality–of–life 😎

Health is a complete state of physical, mental, and social well–being and not merely absence of disease

Psychometric approaches:

• different measures created for different quality–of–life dimensions

Decision theory approaches:

• aggregate across differently weighted domains to obtain a single quality–of–life aggregate

Medical Outcome Study Short Form–36 (SF–36)

Eight scaled scores:

• physical functioning
• role–physical
• bodily pain
• general health perceptions
• vitality
• social functioning
• role–emotional
• mental health

• used in medical contexts (like the Patient Health Questionnaire)
• can be self–administered
• need assistance with scoring (item \(\rightarrow\) scale association)

Notingham Health Profile

Status assessment:

• energy level
• pain 🎯
• emotional reaction
• sleep
• social isolation
• physical abilities

Life domains affected:

• employment
• household activities
• social life
• home life
• sex life
• hobbies & interests
• holidays

mHealth…

…a diverse application of wireless and mobile technologies designed to improve health research, health–case services, and health outcomes

• basically Experience Sampling Methods used within healthcare
  • implantable miniature sensors
  • wearable monitors
  • personal devices (e.g., phones)

…portable real–time systems that provide rich & potentially continuous data streams

Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT)

• traditional entrance exam for medical school
  • considered to be categorically similar to the ACT, SAT, GRE, & LSAT
  • 5.5 hours administration time¹

• developed (and administered) by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)
• Four sections
  • Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior added in 2015

1. total time commitment closer to 7.5 hours with breaks,instructions, etc

___________ posits that any one center in the brain can be involved in several different functional systems

• pluripotentiality
• supercalifragelistic
• encephelorhinoplasty
• expialidoscious

__________ area is a left–hemisphere region associated with language

• Broca’s
• Bucca’s
• Beppo’s
• Bluto’s

Memory of a stimulus absent cues is referred to as ___________

• recall
• recognition
• STM
• LTM

Stress and anxiety are distinct Psychological constructs

• True
• False

Best ever cinematic portrayl of Robin Hood was given by __________

• Cartoon Fox
• Errol Flynn
• Kevin Costner
• Douglas Fairbanks

Assessment groups:

Starting 4/24 (Thursdays):

Al Pacas🦙	Belugas🐳	Camels🐫	Dingos🦊	Elephants🐘
Vanessa A	Mae F	Sarah J	Sarah M	Hannah T
Sabina B	Alaina G	Thomas J	Raelyn R	William T
Nathan B	Payton H	Grace K	Ellen R	Jennifer T
Maritza B	Elly J	Grace L	Rachel S	Lila W

References

Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.

Broca, P. (1865). Sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé. Bulletins Et Mémoires de La Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 6(1), 377–393.

Delis, D. C., Freeland, J., Kramer, J. H., & Kaplan, E. (1987). California verbal learning test (CLVT). APA PsycTests.

Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Ways of coping questionnaire. Consulting Psychologists Press.

Luria, A. R. (1970). The functional organization of the brain. Scientific American, 222(3), 66–79.

Wernicke, C. (1874). Der aphasische symptomencomplex.