1.9 Key concepts for this chapter

research questions; data analysis; reproducibility; phenomena; constructs; variables; operationalization; quantitative variables; qualitative variables; continuous variables; discrete variables; ordinal variables; measured variables; manipulated variables; observational studies; outcome; predictor; covariate; cross-sectional; longitudinal; experiment; independent variable (IV); dependent variable (DV); design; treatment; conditions; quasi-experiment; causality; causal identification; estimand; average causal effect (ACE); between-subjects manipulation; within-subjects manipulation; washout period; theory; hypothesis; prediction; exploratory; confirmatory; analysis strategy; pre-registration; Open Science Framework (OSF); open data; chain of evidence; computational reproducibility; replicability